The weld is also directionally solidified to preserve the desired grain structure.

This process is well suited for structures fabricated on dissimilar substrates.

This disclosure involves a tool capable of conventional Friction Stir Welding (FSW) while manipulating pin length in real-time. Self-Reacting Friction Stir Welding (SR-FSW) while making real-time adjustments to the distance between the front and back shoulder, a means for using existing Auto- Adjustable Pin Tool (APT) Technology for SR-FSW, and a means for using Friction Plug Welding (FPW) or Friction Pull Plug Welding (FPPW) to close out the keyhole of or make repairs to FSW or SR- FSW welds.

Stresses caused by differential gas pressure sare reduced.

The Multiple Internal Seal Ring (MISR) MEMS vacuum package design eliminates the need for electrical lines running beneath the seal ring and thus eliminates the resulting vacuum leaks and/or planarization step costs.