In the proposed sensor, the sol-gel biosensor will be incorporated in a new detection scheme, a ring resonanator interferometer, which measures the binding events directly without additional wet chemistry steps. The entire system is compact and could be fabricated in the proverbial “lab in a teacup”.

In this resonator Q-factor at Raman lasing wavelength will be suppressed and threshold will be Q^2 times higher than in regular resonator. Simultaneously at the pump frequency the cavity remains single mode.

In this work, we have shown for the first time that the grating grove profile itself can be designed to generate an optimized arbitrary desired spectral response. This is not only beneficial in terms of the flexibility to tailor the spectral efficiency but also one single grating can be used to contribute to the whole spectral range.

A prism window has been devised for use with and autocollimator in aligning optical components that are (1) required to be oriented parallel to each other and/or at a specified angle of incidence with respect to a common optical path and (2) mounted at different positions along the common optical path.