Reduce, reuse, recycle. The three Rs of green were first coined sometime in the 1970s. We’ve all heard the terms but they all deliver different types and levels of benefits in general and especially in 3D printing or additive manufacturing (AM). And now that AM is making the transition into mass production applications, it’s a good time to review how it delivers on these benefits and important changes coming from standards-issuing bodies and other organizations, such as the Additive Manufacturer Green Trade Association (AMGTA), to clarify and quantify these benefits.

Reduce with AM and Binder Jet

When we use fewer resources from the beginning, we also reduce the need to recycle and reuse. For individuals, it means things such as turning off the lights in unused rooms, taking a shorter shower, or setting the heater to 66 °F.

In manufacturing, this could mean using less material to deliver a given geometry, using less energy to create a part, or using less labor for the full execution of a manufacturing process. Shortening the distance from supplier to producer or producer to customer with localized or decentralized manufacturing strategies also counts.

With modern engineering tools and computer-aided manufacturing, product development cycles can consume less time and money than physical prototyping. We can use more digital twins, digital analysis, and digital simulation. We can consume fewer real resources and more virtual ones.

In binder jet 3D printing, liquid binder is selectively applied to a thin layer of powder to form parts and tooling.

One of the most meaningful methods of reducing with additive is to consolidate several parts into one, reducing manufacturing and assembly steps or lightweighting a part with radically optimized topology that enables a new geometry that delivers the same or improved functional benefits with less weight. What’s more, you can take a traditional stainless steel part, optimize the design, and print it in a new material, such as aluminum, that amplifies the benefits even more.

When it comes to the sustainability benefits that come from this “reduce” category, almost all forms of additive manufacturing have you covered. But some specific AM processes offer enhanced benefits; for example, binder jet technology can print higher volumes of parts with ease compared to laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) technologies, allowing more meaningful benefits across more parts.

Binder jetting is an additive manufacturing process in which a liquid binding agent is selectively deposited to join powder particles.

Reuse or Recycle?

When it comes to reuse or recycling, we haven’t been as good at distinguishing between the two. But these are two very different Rs in sustainability. Indeed, even the icons for the two Rs are very similar, with reuse showing an effortless circle of arrows and recycling showing a triangle of arrows to demonstrate a bit of extra effort. At the end of the day, recycling is also sort of a consolation approach: if we can’t stop being more wasteful to begin with, let’s at least recycle.

But the truth is that recycling is very resource-intensive to begin with, consuming a lot of energy and time. It’s spent sorting, cleaning, transporting, refining, and reforming all sort of items in recycling. If reduced or reused in the first place, we could greatly reduce this consumption as well.

Consider the normal, everyday scrap generated in a CNC manufacturing shop. It’s tempting to think that all those chips are sent right back to the refiner and returned as new steel or aluminum to cut. It’s far from being that simple. The chips are fouled with cutting fluids and tramp oils and they need to be cleaned and dried. Chips of different metals need to stay sorted and warehoused between pickups. And while good plant hygiene can alleviate some of these difficulties, it takes ongoing investments and international, federal, and local regulations may vary greatly. It’s a complicated subject and more swarf makes it into landfills than you might expect.

The High Efficiency of Reuse

What if we could reuse more material without recycling? What if we could reuse material directly in a manufacturing process many, many times before it’s recycled?

A 2020 research paper in The Minerals, Metals & Material Society, “Metal Powder Recyclability in Binder Jet Additive Manufacturing” concluded one could recycle powder up to 16 times in the binder jetting process — delivering an overall efficiency of material consumption of up to 96%. If you dig into the article a bit deeper, you’ll find it’s really more about reusing material directly in the process rather than recycling.

This brings me to an interesting conversation that recently happened in the SAE International workgroup writing standards for metal AM. There’s a committee writing the standard AMS 7031 — Process Requirements for Recovery and Recycling of Metal Powder Feedstock for Use in Additive Manufacturing of Aerospace Parts. And they’re changing the title to replace Recycling with Reuse.

It’s true some processes generate spatter that can’t be reused; even in binder jetting, some stray satellites can form agglomerates that get sieved out. But in many powder-based AM processes, that’s not what happens to the bulk of any given powder batch. For almost every powder in every process, powder can be circulated through the system several times before it must be recycled, as demonstrated in the research paper cited above.

That’s where the conversation gets interesting at SAE. The committee came to a consensus that we need to change the way we write these standards moving forward. We don’t recycle powder, we reuse it, and that will be the term. That’s a big difference for such a small word. It’s another compelling reason to switch to AM and how the true green benefits might be more than you think at first blush — especially if you’re picturing “True Recycling” every time you hear about de-powdering and reconditioning your powder.

Powder reuse is an activity that happens onsite as a natural part of the technology. ExOne is designing systems with provisions for maintaining consistent levels of humidity, blending of virgin and recovered powder, and establishing a consistent and stable flow of powdered materials into printers. It’s been found in binder jetting that this mixture results in a more consistent process. But what we really need to do in all of additive is a comprehensive value stream map and that’s the type of scholarly work being started now by AMGTA.

All of this is a long way to say that binder jetting’s sustainability benefits have great potential, save energy by consolidating many assembled parts and processes into one, and can deliver end-use designs that are 30 to 40% lighter for more efficient cars, planes, military equipment, and other applications. Binder jetting technology prints complex designs by selectively applying binder to foundry-grade sand, layer by layer, to build up a geometry, as shown in the figure on the opposite page.

Additive manufacturing lets you use less material to start with by only using powder to build the desired shape instead of creating chips by subtracting material. In binder jet 3D printing, the printer uses a digital file to quickly inkjet a binder into a thin layer of powder particles, creating a solid part one layer at a time and reducing material waste to less than 5%. Metal, sand, or ceramics are all processed.

After finished prints are removed from the powder bed, the unbound material is processed in-house by the customer for reuse in subsequent builds to avoid resource-intensive recycling as much as possible.

New part geometries are possible without the manufacturability limitations of traditional technologies. Components redesigned for binder jet 3D printing that take advantage of Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) principles commonly reduce their weight 30 to 50%. These benefits lead to more innovative, lightweight, and sustainable products that require less material.

This article was written by Dan Brunermer, Technical Fellow, ExOne, North Huntingdon, PA. For more information, visit here  .