Can Your Phone Tell if a Bridge Is in Good Shape?

Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, MA

MIT researchers find data collected by mobile phones could be used to evaluate the structural integrity of bridges. (Image: MIT News with images from iStockphoto)

Want to know if the Golden Gate Bridge is holding up well? There could be an app for that. A new study involving MIT researchers shows that mobile phones placed in vehicles, equipped with special software, can collect useful structural integrity data while crossing bridges. In doing so, they could become a less expensive alternative to sets of sensors attached to bridges themselves.

“The core finding is that information about structural health of bridges can be extracted from smartphone-collected accelerometer data,” said Carlo Ratti, director of the MIT Senseable City Laboratory and co-author of a new paper summarizing the study’s findings.

The research was conducted, in part, on the Golden Gate Bridge itself. The study showed that mobile devices can capture the same kind of information about bridge vibrations that stationary sensors compile. The researchers also estimate that, depending on the age of a road bridge, mobile-device monitoring could add from 15 to 30 percent more years to the structure’s lifespan.

“These results suggest that massive and inexpensive datasets collected by smartphones could play an important role in monitoring the health of existing transportation infrastructure,” the authors write in their new paper.

The study, “Crowdsourcing Bridge Vital Signs with Smartphone Vehicle Trips,” was published in the November 3, 2022, issue of Communications Engineering.

Bridges naturally vibrate, so to study the essential “modal frequencies” of those vibrations in many directions, engineers typically place sensors, such as accelerometers, on them. They conjectured that changes in the modal frequencies over time might indicate changes in a bridge’s structural integrity.

To conduct the study, the researchers developed an Android-based mobile phone application to collect accelerometer data when the devices were placed in vehicles passing over the bridge. They could then see how well those data matched up with data recorded by fixed sensors on the bridge.

“In our work, we designed a methodology for extracting modal vibration frequencies from noisy data collected from smartphones,” said Paolo Santi, principal research scientist at the MIT Senseable City Lab. “As data from multiple trips over a bridge are recorded, noise generated by engine, suspension, traffic vibrations, [and] asphalt, tend to cancel out, while the underlying dominant frequencies emerge.”

In the case of the Golden Gate Bridge, the researchers drove over the bridge 102 times with their devices running, and the team used 72 trips by Uber drivers with activated phones, as well. The team then compared the resulting data to that from a group of 240 sensors that had been placed on the Golden Gate Bridge for three months.

The outcome was that the data from the phones converged with that from the bridge’s sensors. For 10 types of low-frequency vibrations engineers measured on the bridge, there was a close match, and in five cases, there was no discrepancy at all between the methods.

However, only one percent of all bridges in the U.S. are suspension bridges. About 41 percent are much smaller concrete span bridges. So, the researchers also examined how well their method would fare in that setting.

To do so, they studied a bridge in Ciampino, Italy, comparing 280 vehicle trips over the bridge to six sensors that had been placed on the bridge for seven months. Here, the researchers were also encouraged by the findings, though they found up to a 2.3 percent divergence between methods for certain modal frequencies over all 280 trips, and a 5.5 percent divergence over a smaller sample. That suggests a larger volume of trips could yield more useful data.

“Our initial results suggest that only a [modest amount] of trips over the span of a few weeks are sufficient to obtain useful information about bridge modal frequencies,” Santi said.

Looking at the method as a whole, Professor Markus J. Buehler said, “Vibrational signatures are emerging as a powerful tool to assess properties of large and complex systems, ranging from viral properties of pathogens to structural integrity of bridges. It’s a universal signal found widely in the natural and built environments that we’re just now beginning to explore as a diagnostic and generative tool in engineering.”

According to Ratti, there are ways to refine and expand the research, including accounting for the effects of the smartphone mount in the vehicle, the influence of the vehicle type on the data, and more.

“We still have work to do, but we believe that our approach could be scaled up easily — all the way to the level of an entire country,” he said. “It might not reach the accuracy that one can get using fixed sensors installed on a bridge, but it could become a very interesting early-warning system. Small anomalies could then suggest when to carry out further analyses.”

For more information, contact Abby Abazorius at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it..