Fabrication process of anode-free elctrode. An electrode was manufactured by coating an ion-conductive layer composed of polyethyleneimine polymer, silver, lithium salt, and carbon black on the surface of a copper current collector. The ion-conductive substrate fabricated this way can operate the batteter by effectively receiving and releasing lithium ions during charging and discharging. (Image: Pohang University of Science and Technology)

The core materials that determine the battery life and charging speed of now commonly seen electric vehicles (EVs) are anode materials. Korea’s domestic battery industry has been committed to finding revolutionary ways to increase the battery capacity by introducing new technologies or other anode materials. A POSTECH research team led by Professor Soojin Park and PhD candidate Sungjin Cho (Department of Chemistry) in collaboration with Professor Dong-Hwa Seo and Dr. Dong Yeon Kim (School of Energy and Chemical Engineering) at Ulsan Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) have developed anode-free lithium batteries with performance of long battery life on a single charge.

The newly developed anode-free battery has a volumetric energy density of 977 Wh/L which is 40 percent higher than the conventional batteries (700 wh/L). This means that the battery can run for 630 km on a single charge. The study recently published in Advanced Functional Materials and was funded by the Alchemist project.

Batteries usually change the structure of anode materials as lithium ions flow to and from the electrode during repetitive charging and discharging. This is why the battery capacity decreases over time. It was thought that if it was possible to charge and discharge only with a bare anode current collector without anode materials, the energy density, which determines the battery capacity, would increase. However, this method had a critical weakness which causes significant swelling of the anode volume and reduces the battery lifecycle. It swelled because there was no stable storage for lithium in the anode.

To overcome this issue, the research team succeeded in developing an anode-free battery in a commonly used carbonate-based liquid electrolyte by adding an ion-conductive substrate. The substrate not only forms an anode protective layer but also helps minimize the bulk expansion of the anode.

The study shows that the battery maintained high capacity of 4.2 mAh cm-2 and high current density of 2.1 mA cm-2 for a long period in the carbonate-based liquid electrolyte. It was also proven both in theory and through experiments that substrates can store lithium.

Further, the team successfully demonstrated the solid-state half-cells by using Argyrodite-based sulfide-based solid electrolyte. It is anticipated that this battery will accelerate the commercialization of non-explosive batteries since it maintains high capacity for longer periods.

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