In a new study — the latest advance in the field of ptychography — researchers at CU Boulder have used doughnut-shaped beams of light to take detailed images of objects too tiny to view with traditional microscopes. The new technique could help scientists improve the inner workings of a range of “nanoelectronics,” including the miniature semiconductors in computer chips.
“Until recently, it has completely failed for highly periodic samples, or objects with a regularly repeating pattern,” said Senior Author Margaret Murnane. “It’s a problem because that includes a lot of nanoelectronics.”
She noted that many important technologies like some semiconductors are made up of atoms like silicon or carbon joined together in regular patterns like a small grid or mesh. To date, those structures have proved tricky for scientists to view up close using ptychography.
In the new study, however, Murnane and her colleagues produced beams of extreme ultraviolet light in the shape of doughnuts.
“In the future, this method could be used to inspect the polymers used to make and print semiconductors for defects, without damaging those structures in the process,” Murnane said.
The research, Murnane said, pushes the fundamental limits of microscopes: Because of the physics of light, imaging tools using lenses can only see the world down to a resolution of about 200 nanometers — which isn’t accurate enough to capture many of the viruses, for example, that infect humans. Scientists can freeze and kill viruses to view them with powerful cryo-electron microscopes but can’t yet capture these pathogens in action and in real time.
To understand how ptychography can help researchers push past the limit, go back to shadow puppets. Imagine that scientists want to collect a ptychographic image of a very small structure, perhaps letters spelling out “CU.” To do that, they first zap a laser beam at the letters, scanning them multiple times. When the light hits the “C” and the “U” (in this case, the puppets), the beam will break apart and scatter, producing a complex pattern (the shadows). Employing sensitive detectors, scientists record those patterns, then analyze them with a series of mathematical equations. With enough time, Murnane explained, they recreate the shape of their puppets entirely from the shadows they cast.
The approach won’t work with repeating structures like those silicon or carbon grids. If you shine a regular laser beam on a semiconductor with such regularity, for example, it will often produce a scatter pattern that is incredibly uniform — ptychographic algorithms struggle to make sense of patterns that don’t have much variation in them. The problem has left physicists scratching their heads for close to a decade.
In the new study, however, the team decided to try something different. They didn’t make their shadow puppets using regular lasers. Instead, they generated beams of extreme ultraviolet light, then employed a device called a spiral phase plate to twist those beams into the shape of a corkscrew, or vortex.
The doughnut beams did the trick. The team discovered that when these types of beams bounced off repeating structures, they created much more complex shadow puppets than regular lasers.
To test out the new approach, the researchers created a mesh of carbon atoms with a tiny snap in one of the links. The group was able to spot that defect with precision not seen in other ptychographic tools.
“If you tried to image the same thing in a scanning electron microscope, you would damage it even further,” Murnane said.
Moving forward, her team wants to make their doughnut strategy even more accurate, allowing them to view smaller and even more fragile objects — including, one day, the workings of living, biological cells.
For more information, contact Julie Poppen at
