Wouldn’t we all appreciate a little help around the house, especially if that help came in the form of a smart, adaptable, uncomplaining robot? Sure, there are the one-trick Roombas of the appliance world. But MIT engineers are envisioning robots more like home helpers, able to follow high-level, Alexa-type commands, such as “Go to the kitchen and fetch me a coffee cup.”

To carry out such high-level tasks, researchers believe robots will have to be able to perceive their physical environment as humans do. In order to make any decision in the world, you need to have a mental model of the environment around you. This is something so effortless for humans. But for robots it’s a painfully hard problem, where it’s about transforming pixel values that they see through a camera, into an understanding of the world.

Now the researchers have developed a representation of spatial perception for robots that is modeled after the way humans perceive and navigate the world. The new model, which they call 3D Dynamic Scene Graphs, enables a robot to quickly generate a 3D map of its surroundings that also includes objects and their semantic labels (a chair versus a table, for instance), as well as people, rooms, walls, and other structures that the robot is likely seeing in its environment. The model also allows the robot to extract relevant information from the 3D map, to query the location of objects and rooms, or the movement of people in its path.

This compressed representation of the environment is useful because it allows the robot to quickly make decisions and plan its path. This is not too far from what we do as humans. If you need to plan a path from your home to MIT, you don’t plan every single position you need to take. You just think at the level of streets and landmarks, which helps you plan your route faster.

Beyond domestic helpers, the researchers say robots that adopt this new kind of mental model of the environment may also be suited for other high-level jobs, such as working side by side with people on a factory floor or exploring a disaster site for survivors.

At the moment, robotic vision and navigation has advanced mainly along two routes: 3D mapping that enables robots to reconstruct their environment in three dimensions as they explore in real time; and semantic segmentation, which helps a robot classify features in its environment as semantic objects, such as a car versus a bicycle, which so far is mostly done on 2D images.

This new model of spatial perception is the first to generate a 3D map of the environment in real-time, while also labeling objects, people (which are dynamic, as opposed to objects), and structures within that 3D map. The key component of the team’s new model is Kimera, an open-source library that the team previously developed to simultaneously construct a 3D geometric model of an environment, while encoding the likelihood that an object is, say, a chair versus a desk.

Kimera works by taking in streams of images from a robot’s camera, as well as inertial measurements from onboard sensors, to estimate the trajectory of the robot or camera and to reconstruct the scene as a 3D mesh, all in real-time.

To generate a semantic 3D mesh, Kimera uses an existing neural network trained on millions of real-world images, to predict the label of each pixel, and then projects these labels in 3D using a technique known as ray-casting, commonly used in computer graphics for real-time rendering.

The result is a map of a robot’s environment that resembles a dense, three-dimensional mesh, where each face is color-coded as part of the objects, structures, and people within the environment.

If a robot were to rely on this mesh alone to navigate through its environment, it would be a computationally expensive and time-consuming task. So, the researchers built off Kimera, developing algorithms to construct 3D dynamic “scene graphs” from Kimera’s initial, highly dense, 3D semantic mesh. Scene graphs are popular computer graphics models that manipulate and render complex scenes and are typically used in video game engines to represent 3D environments.

In the case of the 3D dynamic scene graphs, the associated algorithms abstract Kimera’s detailed 3D semantic mesh into distinct semantic layers, such that a robot can “see” a scene through a particular layer, or lens. The layers progress in hierarchy from objects and people, to open spaces and structures such as walls and ceilings, to rooms, corridors, and halls, and finally whole buildings.

This layered representation avoids a robot having to make sense of billions of points and faces in the original 3D mesh. Within the layer of objects and people, the researchers have also been able to develop algorithms that track the movement and the shape of humans in the environment in real time.

The team tested their new model in a photo-realistic simulator, developed in collaboration with MIT Lincoln Laboratory, that simulates a robot navigating through a dynamic office environment filled with people moving around.

Enabling robots to have mental models similar to the ones humans use, can impact many applications, including self-driving cars, search and rescue, collaborative manufacturing, and domestic robotics. Another domain is virtual and augmented reality (AR). Imagine wearing AR goggles that run this algorithm: The goggles would be able to assist you with queries such as ‘Where did I leave my red mug?’ and ‘What is the closest exit?’ You can think about it as an Alexa which is aware of the environment around you and understands objects, humans, and their relations.

“Our approach has just been made possible thanks to recent advances in deep learning and decades of research on simultaneous localization and mapping,” said graduate student, Antoni Rosinol. “With this work, we are making the leap toward a new era of robotic perception called spatial-AI, which is just in its infancy but has great potential in robotics and large-scale virtual and augmented reality.”

For more information, contact Abby Abazorius at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it..