These models can be used in cryogenic electronics applications such as cooled imagers and sensors, medical electronics, and remote sensing satellites.

Verilog-A based cryogenic bulk CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) compact models are built for state-ofthe- art silicon CMOS processes. These models accurately predict device operation at cryogenic temperatures down to 4 K. The models are compatible with commercial circuit simulators. The models extend the standard BSIM4 [Berkeley Short-channel IGFET (insulated-gate field-effect transistor ) Model] type compact models by re-parameterizing existing equations, as well as adding new equations that capture the physics of device operation at cryogenic temperatures. These models will allow circuit designers to create optimized, reliable, and robust circuits operating at cryogenic temperatures.