Gyroscopes are devices that help vehicles, drones, and wearable and handheld electronic devices know their orientation in three-dimensional space. Originally, gyroscopes were sets of nested wheels, each spinning on a different axis. But in a cellphone, a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) sensor measures changes in the forces acting on two identical masses that are oscillating and moving in opposite directions. These MEMS gyroscopes are limited in their sensitivity, so optical gyroscopes have been developed to perform the same function but with no moving parts and a greater degree of accuracy using a phenomenon called the Sagnac effect.

The new optical gyroscope — shown here with grains of rice — is 500 times smaller than the current state-of-the-art device. (Credit: Ali Hajimiri)

Named after the French physicist Georges Sagnac, this is an optical phenomenon rooted in Einstein's theory of general relativity. To create it, a beam of light is split into two, and the twin beams travel in opposite directions along a circular pathway, then meet at the same light detector. Light travels at a constant speed, so rotating the device — and with it, the pathway that the light travels — causes one of the two beams to arrive at the detector before the other. With a loop on each axis of orientation, this phase shift — the Sagnac effect — can be used to calculate orientation.

The smallest high-performance optical gyroscopes available today are bigger than a golf ball and are not suitable for many portable applications. As optical gyroscopes are built smaller and smaller, so too is the signal that captures the Sagnac effect, which makes it more difficult for the gyroscope to detect movement. Up to now, this has prevented the miniaturization of optical gyroscopes.

Caltech engineers developed a new optical gyroscope that is 500 times smaller than the current state-of-the-art device yet can detect phase shifts that are 30 times smaller than those systems. The gyroscope achieves this performance by using a new technique called “reciprocal sensitivity enhancement.” Reciprocal means that it affects both beams of the light inside the gyroscope in the same way. Since the Sagnac effect relies on detecting a difference between the two beams as they travel in opposite directions, it is considered nonreciprocal.

Inside the gyroscope, light travels through miniaturized optical waveguides (small conduits that carry light that perform the same function as wires do for electricity). Imperfections in the optical path that might affect the beams — for example, thermal fluctuations or light scattering — and any outside interference will affect both beams similarly.

This reciprocal noise was weeded out while leaving signals from the Sagnac effect intact. Reciprocal sensitivity enhancement thus improves the signal-to-noise ratio in the system and enables the integration of the optical gyro onto a chip smaller than a grain of rice.

For more information, contact Kathy Svitil, Director of Research Communications, at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.; 626-395-8022.