A two-frequency, polarimetric, spaceborne synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) system has been proposed for measuring the moisture content of soil as a function of depth, even in the presence of overlying vegetation. These measurements are needed because data on soil moisture under vegetation canopies are not available now and are necessary for completing mathematical models of global energy and water balance with major implications for global variations in weather and climate.

A Lightweight Paraboloidal Mesh Reflector would be subilluminated by a feed that would generate fan-shaped beams at 137 and 435 MHz.
The two proposed frequencies (137 and 435 MHz) are low relative to frequencies ordinarily used in radar systems. One reason for choosing these frequencies is that they are low enough to enable penetration of vegetation and of soil to the required depths. Another reason for choosing these frequencies, in conjunction with polarimetry, is that prior research has shown that measurement data from at least two frequencies and multiple polarizations are needed to make it possible to separate the vegetation-canopy and soil contributions to the radar returns so as to be able to estimate the soil moisture content.

One of the principal challenges in designing the proposed system is posed by the need for a large antenna to form the required polarimetric measurement swath at the two chosen frequencies. A current state-of-the-art design would entail an antenna-and-feed mass of about 3 tons (≈2.7 tonnes), which would be impractically heavy. In contrast, the antenna and its feed in the proposed system would weigh only about one-tenth as much. In addition, the antenna could be stowed compactly during launch into orbit.

The proposed antenna (see figure) would include a lightweight paraboloidal mesh reflector about 30 m wide. A dual-polarization stack-patch array feed would generate beams having a highly controlled fanlike shape to subilluminate the reflector in synthesized approximately rectangular apertures: the feed would be designed and operated so that its radiation pattern would synthesize a 30-by-11-m aperture at 137 MHz and a 30-by-2.8-m aperture at 435 MHz. The feed would have dimensions of about 3.8 by 1.2 by 0.1 m.

Another principal challenge in designing the proposed system is to refine and verify the algorithms used to retrieve soil moisture contents at depths ranging from centimeters to meters under substantial vegetation. Such retrievals involve inversion of mathematical models that (1) characterize vegetation and its interaction with soil and (2) represent soil as a multilayered medium containing random boundaries and varying permittivity. The details of such retrievals are complex and require detailed sensitivity analyses and demonstrations with real measurement data. Planned development efforts include experiments using a simple tower-based radar system to obtain data to estimate soil moisture contents and compare the estimates with actual values obtained by use of soil-moisture probes. It will also be necessary to optimize the design to minimize the adverse effects of propagation of radar signals through the ionosphere and to develop post-processing algorithms to correct for what remains of these effects after optimization of design.

This work was done by Mahta Moghaddam, Delwyn Moller, Ernesto Rodriguez, and Yahya-Rahmat-Samii of Caltech forNASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. For further information, access the Technical Support Package (TSP) free on-line at www.techbriefs.com/tsp under the Electronics/Computers category.

NPO-30666

Topics:
Antennas Design processes Electronic equipment Electronics & Computers Hazardous materials Hazards and emergency operations Mathematical models Optimization Radar Radiation Simulation and modeling Soils Water Weather and climate
This Brief includes a Technical Support Package (TSP).
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Radar for Measuring Soil Moisture Under Vegetation

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NASA Tech Briefs Magazine

This article first appeared in the February, 2004 issue of NASA Tech Briefs Magazine (Vol. 28 No. 2).

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Overview

The document outlines a technical support package for a dual-low-frequency radar system developed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) to measure soil moisture under substantial vegetation canopies and at various depths. This initiative addresses a critical research topic related to the global water and energy cycle, which is essential for understanding hydrologic processes and their impact on climate.

The proposed synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system operates simultaneously at UHF and VHF frequencies, specifically 137 MHz and 435 MHz. This dual-frequency approach is designed to enable the estimation of both shallow (0.01 to 0.1 m) and deep (0.1 to 1 m) soil moisture levels with a spatial resolution of approximately 1 km. Such measurements are crucial for linking surface hydrologic processes with subsurface dynamics, as soil moisture plays a key role in surface evaporation, runoff, drainage, and transpiration by vegetation.

The document highlights the technological challenges involved in designing the radar system, particularly in refining algorithms for accurately retrieving soil moisture content at varying depths beneath vegetation. This process requires sophisticated mathematical models to characterize the interaction between vegetation and soil, as well as to represent the soil as a multilayered medium with random boundaries and varying permittivity. The development efforts include experiments using a tower-based radar system to collect data for validating soil moisture estimates against actual measurements obtained from soil moisture probes.

Additionally, the document discusses the need to optimize the radar design to minimize the adverse effects of signal propagation through the ionosphere and to develop post-processing algorithms to correct any remaining discrepancies. The innovative design of the radar system aims to achieve the necessary large antenna aperture while significantly reducing the mass and volume, making it feasible for spaceborne missions.

Overall, this project represents a significant advancement in remote sensing technology, enabling frequent medium-resolution observations of global soil moisture under vegetation canopies and at depths of 2 meters or more. This capability is identified as a science priority for NASA's Earth Science Enterprise, with the potential to enhance our understanding of soil moisture dynamics and their implications for climate and environmental monitoring.