Prior approaches to transformer-like robots had only very limited success. They suffer from lack of reliability, ability to integrate large surfaces, and very modest change in overall shape. Robots can now be built from two-dimensional (2D) layers of robotic fabric. This expands on ideas of electronic fabrics for electronic textiles, and incorporates sensors, actuators, power, and communications. The 2D solution is easier/cheaper to fabricate, packs more compactly, and ensures a wider range of shape change than 3D modules.
These transformers, a new kind of robotic space system, are dramatically different from current systems in at least two ways. First, the entire transformer is built from a single, thin sheet; a flexible layer of a robotic fabric (ro-fabric); or robotic textile (ro-textile). The ro-textile would be produced as a gossamer-thin (≈100 μm) and light flexible layer, survivable to extreme environments. Along its large surface, the ro-fabric would be partitioned into modular cells. Each cell would include, distributed within this skin-like thin layer, all the structures for spacecraft/robotic subsystems, including propulsion and power (solar), avionics and controls, sensing, actuation (e.g., shape- memory alloys), and communication (circuits and antennas).
Second, the ro-textile layer is foldable to small volume and self-unfolding to adapt shape and function to mission phases. Tightly folded at launch, it would self-unfold to take the shape/function needed by the mission target, and then again transform its shape as needed. For dramatic changes, one can speculate it could morph between a large solar sail for interplanetary interstellar travel, its component patches could separate in swarms of winged flyers in atmosphere, or it could take shape as a limbed robot capable of surface mobility and sample manipulation.
Some 3D payloads may still be needed, e.g., some special instruments that cannot be integrated as 2D structures; these would be carried as payloads in kernels around which the 2D layer would fold. Proper partitioning of the ro-fabric sheet would allow shaping of practically any 3D shape, as insured by various mathematical proofs. Flexible layers would provide further freedom for modification of shape at sub-cell resolution.
The surface of ro-fabrics is composed of connected (zipped) multi-cell patches that can separate to operate in formations; these may be all the same or specialized (e.g., one with more sensing circuitry). Each cell would normally embed the circuits of all subsystems (electronics/ computing, propulsion, and power photo-elements/imaging cells, actuators, conductors for antennas, etc.).
A cell-based architecture fits well with modular, reconfigurable electronics, based on field programmable (FP) arrays, or in general on distributed computing/ electronics. From computational perspective, each (cm-size) cell of the ro-textile could be a basic computational element — a single FPGA (field programmable gate array)/FPAA (FP gate/analog array) mixed cell, a cluster of cells, or a large-density array of FP cells (the low density may be suitable for non-silicon materials that may be preferable for reasons other than high integration). The ro-textile would be built with materials that survive to extreme environments without insulation or thermal control.
In summary, this concept may be a solution to faster, cheaper, and lighter space systems, reducing the launch cost and the redesign cost for new missions; thus, one can launch more of them and at shorter intervals, and send them to more places after launch.
This work was done by Adrian Stoica of Caltech for NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NPO-48349
This Brief includes a Technical Support Package (TSP).
Transformers: Shape-Changing Space Systems Built With Robotic Textiles
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Overview
The document titled "Technical Support Package for Transformers: Shape-Changing Space Systems Built With Robotic Textiles" outlines innovative advancements in aerospace technology, specifically focusing on the development of robotic space systems known as "transformers." These systems are characterized by their construction from a thin, flexible material referred to as "robotic textile" or ro-textile. This material allows for significant versatility in design and function, enabling spacecraft to adapt to various mission needs.
Key features of the transformers include their ability to fold into a compact volume for launch and then self-unfold to assume different shapes and functionalities once in space. This adaptability is crucial for enhancing mission efficiency and reducing costs associated with traditional space systems. The document emphasizes the potential for faster, cheaper, and lighter space systems, which would facilitate more frequent launches and a broader range of exploratory missions.
The ro-textile is described as a gossamer-thin, flexible layer that can withstand extreme environments, making it suitable for various space conditions. Each ro-textile cell integrates essential robotic subsystems, including sensors, actuators, power sources, communication antennas, and control computing, within a modular and distributed architecture. This design allows for multifunctionality and the ability to transform between different shapes, enhancing the spacecraft's operational capabilities.
Additionally, the document discusses the mathematical principles behind the folding and shaping of these textiles, ensuring that they can achieve practically any 3D shape through proper partitioning and design. The use of origami-inspired techniques is highlighted, showcasing how 2D designs can be transformed into complex 3D structures.
The potential applications of these transformers extend beyond space exploration, as the technology could have broader implications in various fields, including robotics and materials science. The document serves as a resource for understanding the technological advancements in robotic textiles and their implications for future aerospace missions.
Overall, this Technical Support Package provides a comprehensive overview of the innovative concepts behind shape-changing space systems, emphasizing the transformative potential of robotic textiles in enhancing the efficiency and capabilities of future space exploration endeavors.
